UDC

612.821

Authors

Pankov Mikhail Nikolaevich, Institute of Medical and Biological Research, Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (Arkhangelsk, Russia) 

Abstract

The article presents various approaches of Russian and foreign authors to systematization of the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. The combined nature of the causes and mechanisms of this condition calls forth various neuro- and pathopsychological approaches to its description. It should be noted that the set of ADHD symptoms formed by the phenomenological principle has neither reliable diagnostic markers nor clearly defined borders. The diagnosis is given according to qualitative characteristics that are descriptive in nature and are based on a number of standard behavioural patterns. Diagnosing ADHD is complicated by the fact that this syndrome rarely occurs in isolation and is usually combined with at least one comorbid condition. However, all researchers have noted the specificity of the observed clinical and pathopsychological symptoms in ADHD, based on the primary dysfunction of the regulatory sphere. Moreover, the “attention deficit – impulsivity – hyperactivi- ty” triad bears obvious signs of a dysregulatory organic pathopsychological syndrome. Nowadays ADHD is diagnosed using two systems: criteria of the diagnostic manual DSM-V and criteria of ICD-10 (F.90). However, many researchers have observed that the adopted methods for diagnosing hyperactivity and attention deficit give rise to some doubt, especially considering the fact that over the past 15 years the number of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD has increased significantly along with the cost of their treatment with psychostimulants. Alarmingly, overdiagnosis of ADHD accounts for up to 20 % of cases. Thus, current research into neurophysiological and psychophysiological characteristics of the clinical manifestations of ADHD in children is highly relevant.

Keywords

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diagnosis, clinical and physiological typology.

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