UDC

612.178

DOI

10.37482/2687-1491-Z259

Authors

Olga V. Balberova* ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5513-6384
Evgeniy V. Bykov* ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7506-8793
*The Urals State University of Physical Culture (Chelyabinsk, Russia)

Corresponding author: Olga Balberova, address: ul. Truda 168, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia; e-mail: olga-balberova@mail.ru

Abstract

The autonomic nervous system, through the interaction between sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation, determines adaptation to various types of training. Monitoring the spectral characteristics of heart rate variability during different phases of the training cycle allows us to assess the balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic influences of the autonomic nervous system and is a useful tool for determining the states of adaptation/maladaptation to training effects. The purpose of this paper was to study autonomic heart rate regulation in athletes specializing in racing different distances, during different phases of the training cycle. Materials and methods. The research involved male Candidates for Master of Sport, Masters of Sport, and International Masters of Sport (n = 123; athletics and speed skating) aged between 18 and 25 years (mean age 20.3 ± 3.1 years; length of training 5 years and more). The subjects were divided into 3 groups: sprinters (n = 40), middle-distance runners (n = 38) and long-distance runners (n = 45). Spectral characteristics of heart rate variability were monitored during different phases of the training cycle using the Poly-Spectrum-8/EX digital ECG system (Neurosoft, Ivanovo, Russia). Results. The data obtained indicate that during training and competitions, the functional optimum in track and field athletes and speed skaters is achieved through autonomic function: in sprinters, due to the activation of the sympathetic department; in middle-distance runners, due to an increase in the share of very low frequency waves; in long-distance runners, due to autonomic heart rate regulation. Presumably, the noted mechanisms of autonomic heart rate regulation in athletes specializing in different types of sports can be predictors of successful adaptation to training effects.

Keywords

running disciplines, types of training, autonomic regulation, heart rate variability, spectral HRV parameters, sympathetic modulation, parasympathetic modulation, predictors of adaptation to training loads

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