UDC

612.2:796.92

DOI

10.37482/2687-1491-Z124

Authors

Nina G. Varlamova* ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1444-4684
Ol’ga I. Parshukova* ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1862-6936
Alla K. Kudinova* ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8376-7570
Evgeniy R. Boyko* ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8027-898X

*Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russian Federation)

Corresponding author: Nina Varlamova, address: ul. Pervomaiyskaya 50, Syktyvkar, 167982, Respublika Komi, Russian Federation; e-mail: nivarlam@physiol.komisc.ru

Abstract

The training process in winter sports is significantly modulated by weather factors, which has a direct or indirect impact on how fast one gets into the required shape and on competition success. In male crosscountry skiers, the volumetric characteristics of external respiration function (ERF) have been investigated extensively; at the same time, no research into this function’s dynamic characteristics is available. The aim of this paper was to study the dynamic characteristics of ERF in cross-country skiers in the annual cycle. Materials and methods. ERF was evaluated monthly using the microprocessor spirograph SPM-01-R-D. The measurements were taken in male cross-country skiers (age: 20.2 ± 0.6 years, height: 175.9 ± 0.6 cm, body weight: 69.4 ± 0.7 kg, maximal oxygen uptake: 4.393 ± 0.433 l/min), members of the national teams of the Komi Republic and Russia that have been living in the European North of Russia (62°N) almost from birth. Results. The study revealed that the dynamic indicators of ERF in cross-country skiers of the Komi Republic are characterized by higher numerical values compared to those in male non-athletes. Peak expiratory flow in cross-country skiers, while being higher than that in non-athletes, had a statistically significant annual dynamics, which repeated the pattern of the annual drift of this indicator in men not involved in sports. Minimal expiratory flow in cross-country skiers was primarily observed in August–November, while maximal, in December–January. The greatest deviation from the due values (by 37.4 %) was characteristic of the airflow velocity in the small bronchi. Thus, ERF indicators in male cross-country skiers have an annual drift and, in terms of numerical values, exceed most of the indicators in non-athletes.

Keywords

dynamic characteristics of external respiration function, annual cycle, cross-country skiers, Komi Republic

References

1. Kennedy M.D., Lenz E., Niedermeier M., Faulhaber M. Are Respiratory Responses to Сold Air Exercise Different in Females Compared to Males? Implications for Exercise in Cold Air Environments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2020, vol. 17, no. 18. Art. no. 6662. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186662
2. Stepanov A.S., Koynosov A.P. Fiziologicheskie izmeneniya sistemy vneshnego dykhaniya i kislorodtransportnoy funktsii krovi sportsmenov v usloviyakh Severa. Literaturnyy obzor [Physiological Changes in the External Respiratory System and Oxygen-Transportation Functions of Athletes’ Blood in the North Conditions. Literature Review]. Nauchnyy meditsinskiy vestnik Yugry, 2021, no. 2, pp. 25–31. DOI: 10.25017/2306-1367-2021-28-2-25-31
3. Astaf’eva N.G. Bronkhokonstriktsiya, vyzvannaya fizicheskoy nagruzkoy [Bronchoconstriction Caused by Exercise]. Lechebnoe delo, 2006, no. 2, pp. 31–36.
4. Frischhut C., Kennedy M.D., Niedermeier M., Faulhaber M. Effects of a Heat and Moisture Exchanger on Respiratory Function and Symptoms Post-Cold Air Exercise. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 2020, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 591–601. DOI: 10.1111/sms.13603
5. Varlamova N.G., Boyko E.R. Osobennosti funktsii vneshnego dykhaniya u severyan v godovom tsikle [Features of External Breathing Function Among the Northerners in the Annual Cycle]. Morskaya meditsina, 2017, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 43–49. DOI: 10.22328/2413-5747-2017-3-3-43-49
6. Sue-Chu M. Winter Sports Athletes: Long-Term Effects of Cold Air Exposure. Br. J. Sports Med., 2012, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 397–401. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090822
7. Lutfi M.F. The Physiological Basis and Clinical Significance of Lung Volume Measurements. Multidiscip. Respir. Med., 2017, vol. 12. Art. no. 3. DOI: 10.1186/s40248-017-0084-5
8. Starshov A.M., Smirnov I.V. Spirografiya dlya professionalov. Metodika i tekhnika issledovaniya funktsiy vneshnego dykhaniya [Spirography for Professionals. Methods and Techniques for Studying the Functions of External Respiration]. Moscow, 2003. 80 p.
9. Kopytova N.S., Gudkov A.B. Sezonnye izmeneniya funktsional’nogo sostoyaniya sistemy vneshnego dykhaniya u zhiteley Evropeyskogo Severa Rossii [Seasonal Behaviour of Ventilation System Functional Status Among Residents of European North of Russia]. Ekologiya cheloveka, 2007, no. 10, pp. 41–43.
10. Manuylov I.V., Gudkov A.B. Sezonnye izmeneniya prokhodimosti vozdukhonosnykh putey u sportsmenovlyzhnikov na Evropeyskom Severe [Seasonal Changes of Passability of Pneumatic Ways at Athletes-Skiers in the European North]. Ekstremal’naya deyatel’nost’ cheloveka, 2013, no. 4, pp. 16–18.
11. Varlamova N.G., Parshukova O.I., Markov A.L., Loginova T.P., Garnov I.O., Kudinova A.K., Boyko E.R. Modulirovanie trenirovochnogo protsessa klimaticheskimi faktorami [Modulation of the Training Process by Climatic Factors]. Mediko-fiziologicheskie osnovy sportivnoy deyatel’nosti na Severe [Medical and Physiological Bases of Sports Activities in the North]. Syktyvkar, 2021, pp. 22–25.
12. Chernyak A.V., Neklyudova G.V., Naumenko Z.K., Pashkova T.L. Lung Function in Athletes Involved in Skiing and Speed Skating. Russ. Pulmonol., 2019, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 62–69 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2019-29-1-62-69
13. Rundell K.W., Jenkinson D.M. Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm in the Elite Athlete. Sports Med., 2002, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 583–600. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200232090-00004
14. Nikitina L.Yu., Soodaeva S.K., Petrovskiy F.I., Petrovskaya Yu.A., Kotlyarova V.N., Shashkova T.V., Chuchalin A.G. Skrining bronkhoobstruktsii, vyzvannoy fizicheskoy nagruzkoy, u lyzhnikov i biatlonistov v razlichnye periody godovogo trenirovochnogo tsikla [Screening of Exercise‑Induced Bronchoconstriction in Skiers and Biathlonists at Different Periods of Annual Training Cycle]. Pul’monologiya, 2013, no. 2, pp. 61–65.